Which cytokines are known to be pyrogenic?

The correct answer identifies a group of cytokines known for their role in inducing fever, or pyrogenic activity. Specifically, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α are key pyrogenic cytokines that play a significant role in the body's immune response to infection and inflammation.

IL-1 is produced primarily by activated macrophages and is one of the most potent endogenous pyrogens. It acts on the hypothalamus to induce fever, enhance the production of other inflammatory cytokines, and promote the overall immune response.

IL-6 is another important cytokine that not only contributes to fever but also stimulates the acute phase response in the liver, leading to increased production of acute phase proteins that play a critical role in inflammation and defense against pathogens.

TNF-α, produced mainly by macrophages as well, has various functions in inflammation and immunity, including the induction of fever. It enhances the ability of other immune cells to combat pathogens and works synergistically with IL-1 and IL-6 in the inflammatory response.

In comparison, the other options consist of cytokines that do not have a primary role in inducing fever. For example, IL-4, IL-10, and TNF-β are more involved in