What mechanism do neutrophils utilize for killing pathogens?

Neutrophils utilize the respiratory burst mechanism to kill pathogens effectively, particularly through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). During this process, neutrophils activate the enzyme NADPH oxidase, which leads to the production of superoxide anions and other reactive intermediates. This respiratory burst is crucial for the destruction of engulfed pathogens, as the ROS generated can directly damage microbial structures, including membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The respiratory burst enhances the bactericidal activity of neutrophils significantly beyond what is achieved through phagocytosis alone. Although phagocytosis is an important mechanism for the internalization of pathogens, the subsequent respiratory burst is what allows neutrophils to effectively kill those pathogens once they are ingested. This makes the respiratory burst an essential and powerful tool in the neutrophil's arsenal for fighting infections.